tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29712282193629967212024-02-19T02:33:35.809-08:00The Time Traveler Rest StopMarianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.comBlogger91125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-43489859905770846162016-02-06T07:03:00.000-08:002016-02-06T07:03:01.961-08:00I have posted some new papers at Academia.edu. Please see<br />
<br />
<a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarianneLuban" target="_blank">https://independent.academia.edu/MarianneLuban</a>Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-63549001323155065702015-10-14T07:00:00.002-07:002015-10-14T07:03:14.464-07:00Two New PapersI have uploaded two more papers to my <a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2FAcademia.edu%2F&h=-AQHCsZsMAQFk-DJlsFM-p4GJECRXdkiZPMZvgZni4izyow&enc=AZNbb87Nny62LamEIia15qrQYMciIgAppBMpZa38ji71lFzot4hto1CiidArrto-hnUFOfBDqqJpCsHSTRPMWyXZfBXDVXrRPIobrp9Pory2AZ8iPBfXmf3LIRms--M2VcAQ2jkS3BxkHQyNew8_aDzeHtjfnyNTJj9VgCTsiWJ1T4_-EYdpW1wpca9rhh5-s5Y&s=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Academia.edu</a> page. One is called "DNA and the Harem Plot", some of which was already a notification here, [Thuya and Dynasty 20] and the other "The Significance of Eight Years". This means an eight-year coregency between Amenhotep III and Akhenaten makes sense in light of all the evidence. <br />
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<a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarianneLuban" target="_blank">https://independent.academia.edu/MarianneLuban</a>Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-316411148208588602015-05-30T12:11:00.002-07:002015-06-01T08:01:26.735-07:00Thuya Related to Dynasty 20??I was going over the autosomal DNA of Ramesses III and that of his son, "Unknown Man E", who could be Pentaweret--when I noticed that some of their alleles at the various loci looked familiar. Then I recalled where I had seen them previously. In the autosomal DNA of Thuya--the mother of Queen Tiye!<br />
<br />
Thuya was the wife of Yuya, who seems to have been a relative of Amunhotep III. But Yuya and Thuya don't appear to be closely related at all, according to their DNA profiles. In fact, old Thuya has much more in common, genetically, with the men of Dynasty 20! Why this would be I am not at all sure. A man called Setnakht was the founder of the 20th Dynasty. We have no idea who he was, but the evidence points to his having had a brief reign. Ramesses III was most certainly the son of Setnakht and "Unknown Man E" the son of Ramesses III, according to their autosomal DNA profiles. The mother of "Unknown Man E" was named Tiye. But see this at the various markers or loci:<br />
<br />
<u>CSF1P0</u><br />
<br />
Ram. III 7/10<br />
Unknown E 7/10<br />
Thuya 7/12<br />
<br />
<br />
<u>D7S820</u><br />
<u></u><br />
Ram. III 6/15<br />
Unknown E 6/13<br />
Thuya 10/13<br />
<br />
<u>D2S1338</u><br />
<u></u><br />
Ram. III 15/28<br />
Unknown E 19/28<br />
Thuya 19/26<br />
<br />
<br />
<u>D21S11</u><br />
<u></u><br />
Ram. III 28/35<br />
Unknown E 29.2/35<br />
Thuya 26/35<br />
<br />
<br />
<u>D16S539</u><br />
<u></u><br />
Ram. III 8/11<br />
Unknown E 8/12<br />
Thuya 11/13<br />
<br />
<br />
<u>D18S51</u><br />
<u></u><br />
Ram. III 8/12<br />
Unknown E 12/26<br />
Thuya 8/19<br />
<br />
<br />
<u>FGA</u><br />
<u></u><br />
Ram. III 24/34.2<br />
Unknown E 24/26<br />
Thuya 24/26<br />
<br />
<br />
<u>D13S317</u><br />
<u></u><br />
Ram. III 9/12<br />
Unknown E 9/13<br />
Thuya 9/12<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
As you can see, Thuya does not fail to have at least one matching allele to either the father or the son at eight microsatellites or loci. I'll have to investigate further, if possible. The distance in time between Thuya and these men can be roughly calculated. One can estimate that the mother of Queen Tiye died in Year 30 of Amunhotep III. Allowing for an 8-year coregency between that pharaoh and Akhenaten [in which I have come to believe] the ensuing reigns up to Setnakht add up to about 155 years. We can't be certain of the durations of all the kings involved. Since Setnakht had a short reign [only up to Year 4 attested] it may be that he was not young and had been born during the long kingship of Ramesses II. Autosomal DNA can reveal near relatives as well as distant ones. <br />
<br />
"Unknown Man E", probably Prince Pentaweret, was involved in a plot against his father and Tiye, his mother, was also accused. Evidently, these two believed Pentaweret had a strong claim to the throne. Thuya, for her part, appears to have had a connection to both Ramesses III and the mother of "Unknown Man E", according to the DNA.<br />
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<a href="http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/chromosomes/typesauto/" target="_blank">http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/chromosomes/typesauto/</a>Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-24688278218412614812015-05-15T21:56:00.001-07:002015-05-16T09:17:04.273-07:00MY QUEST FOR NEFERTITI<br />
My latest book! Don't miss it because I devote an entire
chapter to the DNA of the royal mummies and make it easy to
understand with a brief tutorial. I also explain the rare
alleles of the autosomal DNA in the extended family of Tutankhamun
and where they can be found outside of Egypt. It's quite
fascinating, really, and more than a little mysterious. I
think it's important that persons with an interest in Egyptology
begin to get a better handle on how all that works because it's a new
facet of the field and isn't going to go away. At least I hope not!
There are so many things in “My Quest For Nefertiti” that aren't
discussed in any other book about the Amarna Era. You may never view
the royal family at the end of the 18th Dynasty in the same way
again.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/My-Quest-Nefertiti-Marianne-Luban/dp/0972952489/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1431752094&sr=8-2&keywords=Marianne+Luban" target="_blank">http://www.amazon.com/My-Quest-Nefertiti-Marianne-Luban/dp/0972952489/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1431752094&sr=8-2&keywords=Marianne+Luban</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHOjIVgHNqKTYHZvQcnqbjXamBbwOeDUYPVdsPZBvxq4VIydTAjLFApnrPQ6miXd-3RqMP5DR1etIaT7QqQTUT2yPHXmIDpWIfiqi9yWSknkHF1V2uc5oz0gWoe93qmoMQdhRIhROUh0I/s1600/frontcover.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHOjIVgHNqKTYHZvQcnqbjXamBbwOeDUYPVdsPZBvxq4VIydTAjLFApnrPQ6miXd-3RqMP5DR1etIaT7QqQTUT2yPHXmIDpWIfiqi9yWSknkHF1V2uc5oz0gWoe93qmoMQdhRIhROUh0I/s320/frontcover.JPG" width="205" /></a>Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-38778904309604919282014-09-26T13:25:00.002-07:002014-09-26T13:25:11.650-07:00Next Generation Sequencing and Egyptian MummiesThis is the first study on Egyptian mummies [albeit Late Period ones] that I know of using the technique of Next Generation Sequencing:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10900/49936/pdf/R.Khairat_next_generation_sequencing_of_DNA_extracted_from_mummified_tissue.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y" target="_blank">https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10900/49936/pdf/R.Khairat_next_generation_sequencing_of_DNA_extracted_from_mummified_tissue.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</a>Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-86145141257888725412014-08-29T10:48:00.001-07:002015-05-09T08:18:48.931-07:00Where Is the DNA of Thutmose IV?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC7BhLXb1f8-qBAfyBNWFJjSd1XHV6cG5VULfOIUhzqdsrjBoXAntVx2CbG2Nh01smZz4ZHWQvirUjadA7E_RKfchyphenhyphenV-4qOrU7HbDfJCeI7V4RLGNZfARqQKv6yZ14cl4-pl2VHSIIjrw/s1600/image-03-small.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC7BhLXb1f8-qBAfyBNWFJjSd1XHV6cG5VULfOIUhzqdsrjBoXAntVx2CbG2Nh01smZz4ZHWQvirUjadA7E_RKfchyphenhyphenV-4qOrU7HbDfJCeI7V4RLGNZfARqQKv6yZ14cl4-pl2VHSIIjrw/s1600/image-03-small.jpg" /></a></div>
Recently, I wrote an email to the Secretary-general of the SCA in Egypt, asking for publication of the autosomal DNA of the pharaoh Thutmose IV, as I feel our understanding of the 18th Dynasty can go no farther without this information. Ever since Zahi Hawass et al published the DNA testing results of Tutankhamun and his family members in JAMA, people have found it odd that Thutmose IV was not included in the study. His mummy is fairly securely identified and, besides, the face resembles his own portraits from antiquity and also bears some resemblance to the head of the mummy of his father, Amenhotep II.<br />
<br />
Amenhotep III was tested and so was the mummy formerly called "the Elder Lady", long thought by some, including myself, to be Queen Tiye. This was confirmed, as her DNA showed her to have been the daughter of Yuya and Thuya, also included in the study. Moreover, it looks quite likely that Yuya was a relative of Amenhotep III, a rather surprising and not insignificant development. We do not, evidently, have the mummy of Mutemwia, the mother of Amenhotep III, but there is Thutmose IV for sure. Had this last been tested, it would have been possible to know if Yuya was related to Nebmaare Amenhotep on the paternal or maternal side. Persons are speculating that Yuya was a brother to Mutemwia, but I do not concur, as one can see in my paper, "The Name of Thuya", which can be read here:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarianneLuban" target="_blank">https://independent.academia.edu/MarianneLuban</a><br />
<br />
<br />
It is up to the Egyptians to explain why Thutmose IV was left out of the DNA study or publication when it would seem his inclusion might have answered some questions that arose out of the study, itself.Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-58388827351714847662014-07-17T20:05:00.000-07:002014-07-25T08:45:44.756-07:00King Tut's Chariot MishapThis documentary, "Building Pharaoh's Chariot"<br />
<br />
<a href="http://video.pbs.org/video/2331305481/" target="_blank">http://video.pbs.org/video/2331305481/</a><br />
<br />
has convinced me that the injuries on the mummy of Tutankhamun are consistent with falling out of a moving chariot while shooting arrows. The making of an Egyptian chariot, re-discovering a lost art, is fascinating, too--but one must watch the show to the end to see what may have happened to the young king. The injuries to his body are on the left side. The archer did not shoot the arrows straight ahead over the heads of the horses but from the side of the car. He chose his target or targets by having the driver charge past them. In a battle charge, the driver would maneuver the team in a circular pattern so that the archer would only expose himself to the enemy for a short time until the driver circled back. Watching how it's done in the video is far more edifying than any explanation from me.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, the bowman uses the open left side of the front panel and its railing in order to gain purchase with one of his legs. However, if the right-handed shooter is somehow ejected from the car at a good rate of speed, he will almost certainly land on his exposed left side. Watch the film and see if you agree.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2PShc6hiImLx6OnHf5Sv4gkkTedafbxkv-JDYPUD2L_t0NQQ51aZtOkkArpSSOZz5_dP-bE_MH_bwqHxyDcD0nxmj8AL-t2Kvq51Du9Tp3CKJkfVZvdT0qWUMZZF2hGiTJn2xmCLYwJ8/s1600/TutankhamunChariot-e1383662872446.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2PShc6hiImLx6OnHf5Sv4gkkTedafbxkv-JDYPUD2L_t0NQQ51aZtOkkArpSSOZz5_dP-bE_MH_bwqHxyDcD0nxmj8AL-t2Kvq51Du9Tp3CKJkfVZvdT0qWUMZZF2hGiTJn2xmCLYwJ8/s1600/TutankhamunChariot-e1383662872446.jpg" height="192" width="320" /></a></div>
Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-39334994296305480712014-06-23T10:32:00.000-07:002014-06-25T11:00:05.529-07:00DNA of the 12 Tribes<div style="text-align: justify;">
I don't completely get what the people who have this "Etz Yoseph" page think they can <a href="http://etzyoseph.org/" target="_blank">accomplish. </a>Evidently, they believe the 12 Tribes of Israel can be identified via DNA--and perhaps each tribe will have its own y-haplogroup. I placed a comment on the page, saying that if one believes in these 12 tribes and that the founders were all sons of Jacob, the yDNA of all should belong to the same haplogroup. A father passes on his yDNA to all his sons and this continues as long as the male generations exist. I also wrote that, to account for the varying haplogroups of the Jews, one needs to recall that even the Torah states that a "mixed multitude" left Egypt under the leadership of Moses. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Exodus 12:38..."Now the sons of Israel journeyed from Rameses to Succoth, about six hundred thousand men on foot, aside from children. <span class="highl">A mixed multitude also went up with them, along with flocks and herds, a very large number of livestock."</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
With the giving of the Law of Moses is when the Jewish religion really began, but a religion has no DNA. Converts, such as the Khazars, have to be taken into account, as well. Otherwise, for a very long time, he who professes to be a Jew is considered a Jew as long as he has a Jewish mother--so the yDNA [male lineage] is not essential to the question "Who is a Jew" let alone can indicate to which original tribe ones ancestors belonged. In the days of persecutions and pogroms, a Jewish woman can have found herself impregnated by a non-Jewish rapist. The comments on that site are moderated and mine was not published. As it was reasonably worded, I don't know why--unless my words went contra some agenda.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
As far as I can tell, the Messianic Jews [people who believe Jesus is the Messiah]</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
who run that website are urging Jews to undergo DNA testing in order to find some lost tribe. That's what I gather, but if I am wrong they can come here and correct me. However, if that is what they are advocating--that the yDNA of Jewish males can be separated into "tribes"--then I think that is not possible now--nor will it ever be. While some over the many years have referred to Jews as belonging to a "race", the Jews, themselves, claim to be a "people". They know they are not descended of one stock alone as, for one thing, the descendants of Jacob lived in Egypt for 400 years, they would have mixed their blood with Egyptians, both males and females. There was nothing at all to prevent it. </div>
Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-31247211060853362482014-06-15T08:32:00.002-07:002014-06-15T12:36:41.708-07:00Model In the Tomb of Nefertari?Taking another look at some images from the tomb of Queen Nefertari, wife of Ramesses II, I noticed something unusual. In fact, the paintings of the face of the royal lady seemed innovative to me long ago as they evidence an attempt to create an effect that would not be seen again in Egypt for centuries. That would be in the Classic Era when actual full-face portraits of the deceased were painted for their funerary trappings. By then, Egyptian artists had learned to paint with highlights and shadows in order to make a face appear more than merely one-dimensional.<br />
<br />
Even though the portraits in the tomb of Nefertari continued to follow the usual canon of representing the human face and form, something new was added--an attempt to use shadows for the reasons already stated. Some time ago I watched a Masterpiece Theater version of Dickens' tale "Bleak House" with actress Gillian Anderson as Lady Deadlock. Because the story was written in the 19th Century, some scenes were shot with minimal lighting in order to convey how dark rooms appeared then with only candles or such primitive illumination as was possible in those times. This view of Gillian Anderson reminded me of Queen Nefertari as she appears in profile in her tomb.<br />
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAdUD1OgWnkJPEUabGVDLrz32BEkJYzchskj96D5_CPG3fksb6z749_zFbZXwHLUgRhyphenhyphenmbH433vls0H5qUT1R3CvhLEZH0qk_ntotM97LyJAwEVbjG3NJbJb_lpgWO-najGDO1bZvfLtk/s1600/Bleak-House-gillian-anderson-3020526-1024-551.jpg" height="172" width="320" /></div>
<br />
The profile is of a very similar type, but more important is the shadow on the cheek of the actress, which is very like that which the tomb's master artist painted on the cheek of Nefertari. as you can see below. What is interesting is that the effect in both the cases of the photograph and the wall painting are the result of muted illumination that cast those shadows on the profile. Would the Egyptian artist have recollected how that appeared from his own experience in the likewise dimly-lit chambers of his time--or did he have an actual model posing for him right there in the tomb, saved from darkness only by some oil lamps? We don't normally think of the Egyptians using models for their tomb paintings as, mostly, the human faces are not executed in a "painterly" manner but just painted "flat", with only one color. But that is not true of the face of Queen Nefertari. If the artist used a model, it surely would not have been the queen, herself, but a woman who resembled her. Perhaps the artist knew such a woman and this was his inspiration for asking her to pose. And then he decided to paint her face as he saw it--shadows and all. Note: These are not my images. I am using them for educational purposes only.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihBRxTo2oIgXqzbJnoEzeb8KmHp-i2OYJz-y6AdF_G5saxWbRe_0WQ-dadVhxaAMVhyphenhyphenSWkCJMX7qNwWK_0ysfj3_8PvbFWZWoVm5L3dzi6W9rqLx0VDffTckyKRLfUY35svW2wdcCMMLI/s1600/ramp21xyz.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihBRxTo2oIgXqzbJnoEzeb8KmHp-i2OYJz-y6AdF_G5saxWbRe_0WQ-dadVhxaAMVhyphenhyphenSWkCJMX7qNwWK_0ysfj3_8PvbFWZWoVm5L3dzi6W9rqLx0VDffTckyKRLfUY35svW2wdcCMMLI/s1600/ramp21xyz.jpg" height="400" width="317" /></a></div>
Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-4939104094397553872014-05-19T13:20:00.001-07:002014-05-19T14:19:32.318-07:00The Name of ThuyaI have uploaded a short paper called "The Name of Thuya", which deals with that and the possible origins of the parents of Queen Tiye. As far as I can figure, Yuya was a son of Thutmose III.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarianneLuban" target="_blank">https://independent.academia.edu/MarianneLuban</a>Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-86521703634758800012014-04-25T09:33:00.000-07:002014-07-16T07:40:31.646-07:00Hatshepsut DeclaresSome people claim that there is no
mention in Egyptian texts of an exodus such as is described in the Hebrew Bible. That
is a bit much to expect, in the first place, but it seems to me that
Hatshepsut, the woman-king, is describing one in her Speos Artemidos
text, undated. Here is my translation of the relevant section:<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<strong>“Ever since the Aamu were in Avaris
of the Northland, wanderers among them, destroying what had been
made—they ruled without Ra and he did nothing by divine order down
to the time of my own majesty. I was established upon the thrones of
Ra and it was foretold 'After a period of years she will become a
conqueror'. I am come as the sole [ fem.] Horus, the fiery uraeus
against my enemies. I have banished the abomination of the gods and
the earth has removed their footprints. T</strong><strong>his is the guidance of the father
of my fathers [Ra] who comes for the day of his reward.”</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>
</strong></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Elsewhere, in her legitimizing texts,
Hatshepsut claims that, in Year 2 of her father, Thutmose I, an
oracle proclaimed the kingship for her during the festival of Amun.
Thereupon, she was crowned co-regent at Heliopolis by Atum, himself.
Clearly, then, the “majesty” of Hatshepsut extended, at least for
the purposes of propaganda, all the way back to the beginning of her
father's reign and his accomplishments could be shared. Manetho, the
Late Period historian, also believed that a king named “Tethmosis”,
the first pharaoh of his Dynasty 18, drove out the “Shepherds”,
who were associated with Avaris. Prior to that time, Manetho speaks
of a prolonged war against some Shepherds, probably including the
participation of those Theban princes of Dynasty 17. Both Kamose
and Ahmose battled the Hyksos and Ahmose pushed them to Sharuhen—not
very far from Egypt proper—before his attention was called to the
Nubians. The Hyksos/Shepherds did lose their hegemony over the Delta
then, but that evidently did not prevent the people the earlier
Egyptians called the Aamu from returning to the walled city of Avaris
and unspecified others making a home there, as well. The action is
precisely defined in the Speos Artemidos text. Nobody was slain,
there was no battle to speak of—but the Aamu were sent on their way
and soon the elements erased all trace of them at Avaris. Because
they raised sheep and goats, ate mutton, sacrificed rams, and wore
wool garments, the Aamu were abhorred by the gods. Even in the Bible
it states that Moses was loathe to anger the Egyptians by sacrificing
their sacred animals. [Exodus 8:26] The entire Speos Artemidos text leads up to that very important day, the expulsion of the foreigners, the Aamu, with the sun-god, Ra, appearing overhead to gloat or rejoice at the spoils [sw] that were taken from those those who did not give him the proper respect.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj57jabl59DDr3MXvguTSisiohmz2RnFN5AGgTKBdfS2dS3XS3iJ665qqCAEICSaKgMgr_BEoth2ugIHjYFmJmHj3NR8HzJ9k5ca5yIHW5NLXOafkr86XRtDWu5pjVgDClNQLlT4K9-DnY/s1600/aamu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj57jabl59DDr3MXvguTSisiohmz2RnFN5AGgTKBdfS2dS3XS3iJ665qqCAEICSaKgMgr_BEoth2ugIHjYFmJmHj3NR8HzJ9k5ca5yIHW5NLXOafkr86XRtDWu5pjVgDClNQLlT4K9-DnY/s1600/aamu.jpg" height="272" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
The Aamu as depicted in the 12th Dynasty tomb of Khnumhotep II, not very far from the Speos Artemidos.</div>
Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-3141752972554163762014-02-23T11:01:00.001-08:002014-02-23T11:01:19.862-08:00Have uploaded a new paper, "The Early Church Fathers and the Exodus".<br />
<br />
<a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarianneLuban/Papers#add" target="_blank">https://independent.academia.edu/MarianneLuban/Papers#add</a>Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-22601173084041143982013-12-04T09:30:00.002-08:002013-12-04T09:30:33.455-08:00Manetho DemystifiedThis is a work currently popular among people who are passionate about ancient Egypt. Treat yourself or a friend to this eye-opening little book this holiday season. It's for sale at the Amazon.com website for your country.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEise8I4sRzC6MbY1h-hZ3Q1NSlcifce7CWs8ff1Gao9AVXdFGJUhAWuJUly1z0GtoCpcMuKt0JDp75PKvO3oa6vfEe3qzdOIaKrn1-dyDTugXuTp3OJ4cEMDzTLCbdpiidGzMvIoHBvgLo/s1600/phpYMYB7FPM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEise8I4sRzC6MbY1h-hZ3Q1NSlcifce7CWs8ff1Gao9AVXdFGJUhAWuJUly1z0GtoCpcMuKt0JDp75PKvO3oa6vfEe3qzdOIaKrn1-dyDTugXuTp3OJ4cEMDzTLCbdpiidGzMvIoHBvgLo/s320/phpYMYB7FPM.jpg" width="219" /></a></div>
Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-53364387116558128702013-09-25T08:52:00.000-07:002013-09-25T09:06:03.815-07:00Were Akhenaten and Nefertiti Cousins?<div style="text-align: justify;">
I'll try to keep this one short because most of the followers of my blog can't read French and that is the language of scholar, Marc Gabolde, in his paper « L’ADN de la famille royale amarnienne et les sources égyptiennes », ENIM 6, 2013, p. 177-203--although it can be accessed in a PDF file online.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Gabolde's reasoning is that since Amenhotep III and Yuya seem to be related, according to their shared DNA, Yuya is probably the uncle of the king. Since Amenhotep III married his cousin, Tiye, it also follows that his heir, Akhenaten, also married a cousin, Nefertiti. Gabolde believes that the KV35YoungerLady and the KV55 individual are Nefertiti and Akhenaten. Agreed. The rest is all reasonable and the DNA evidence, as put forth in the 2010 JAMA paper upholds some of it.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
My counter-argument is that, if Nefertiti was a cousin of Akhenaten--that would be possible but extrememly unlikely from the DNA picture and the identifications of the mummified and skeletal remains. The YoungerLady [assumed to be Nefertiti] has only the alleles of AIII and Tiye at the 8 markers given--and so does the KV55 individual. It can be seen also, which alleles Tiye inherited from her parents, Yuya and Thuya, but there are many numbers that she did not inherit. A sibling inherits about half the DNA from the same parents,[ which is the case with the YoungerLady and KV55.] Therefore, a brother or a sister of Tiye [whichever was the parent of the YL, [according to the theory of Gabolde] would have had to contribute some other numbers that are not seen in the DNA of the YL as it stands. The same applies to any sibling of Amenhotep III, but we don't know the entire DNA profiles of his parents. Here are the numbers that Queen Tiye did <strong>NOT</strong> inherit from her parents at the 8 loci:<br />
<br />
9 and 19<br />
6 and 13<br />
19 and 27<br />
28 and 34<br />
13 and 10<br />
8 and 12<br />
7 and 9<br />
24 and 25<br />
<br />
<br />
A sibling of hers should have had many of them and would have passed them on. But there is not a single different number in the the DNA of the YL or the KV55 individual from those of AIII and Tiye.</div>
<br />
Cousins? No, I don't think so..Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-47515320124224821102013-07-13T11:31:00.000-07:002013-08-15T10:08:09.735-07:00"The Death of Hatshepsut"<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim4CWIq6yH0-Xd5ki8m4F6qDgDmL94vThICf2GMGw2G0fmPkqh6clHIZyIBVz4aQ2da2Bn6KhNSRpUXMt2-bOUVyNDxHPFOLL7OEMJqMwK3QwKT1LliF6U1szkE6POqp7zGkw4SKgKZzs/s1600/a-h2-l.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim4CWIq6yH0-Xd5ki8m4F6qDgDmL94vThICf2GMGw2G0fmPkqh6clHIZyIBVz4aQ2da2Bn6KhNSRpUXMt2-bOUVyNDxHPFOLL7OEMJqMwK3QwKT1LliF6U1szkE6POqp7zGkw4SKgKZzs/s320/a-h2-l.jpg" width="256" /></a></div>
I have uploaded a paper to Academia.edu called "The Death of Hatshepsut". You can access it here:<br />
<br />
<a href="http://independent.academia.edu/MarianneLuban/Papers" target="_blank">http://independent.academia.edu/MarianneLuban/Papers</a><br />
<br />
Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-66908455387537969642013-07-09T08:59:00.004-07:002013-07-09T08:59:35.361-07:00Thutmose III--a sickly youth?
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Indeed,
that Thutmose III may not have been well in his youth could be
construed as a reason for Hatshepsut taking over the kingship. The
name of a Chief Prophet of Amun during the reign of Thutmose,
Menkheperreseneb, hints that perhaps there was a problem. In order
to have been in his exalted office by at least Year 33 of the reign,
this meant that the high priest must have been nearly as old as the
king, himself.<sup><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></sup>
Since there were four prophets, it makes sense that the senior one
would not have been a mere youth. The fact that he was given a name
that meant “Menkheperre is healthy”<sup><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> [t</span></sup>
would have been more unusual if that was really the situation at the
time than if the opposite were true. Because such a name could be
seen as a kind of wish, even a magical spell in favor of health being
restored to the young king every time someone spoke the name of
Menkheperreseneb. If the pharaoh had really been sound of body, then
the name would have been the opposite of a charm but construed as
something to tempt the evil eye and actually place the king in
danger. A parallel is found in Jewish life of centuries past. A boy
could be named “Alter” [meaning “the old one” in Yiddish] in
the hope that he would not succumb to any illness in his childhood or
youth. On the other hand, if someone said the baby looked healthy
[though few would do so!] or even handsome, his mother would spit
three times in order to ward off evil. The ideas of eastern peoples
about certain things are essentially the same.</span></div>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div id="sdfootnote1">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<a class="sdfootnotesym" href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2971228219362996721#sdfootnote1anc" name="sdfootnote1sym">1</a>
In fact, Menkheperreseneb outlived the sovereign and seems to have
seen the reign of Amenhotep II.
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div id="sdfootnote2">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<a class="sdfootnotesym" href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2971228219362996721#sdfootnote2anc" name="sdfootnote2sym">2</a>
The verb “to be” was usually omitted from names.</div>
</div>
Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-58789113734883193982013-06-25T09:56:00.001-07:002013-06-26T08:22:47.524-07:00Thothmes, the Egyptian Michelangelo<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPrPvLRTplWHuuUJ7LgmU0Rh5g17jmklUEHxC-MC8i-2eE6FvCar1EybP07JIeY_3_jsPZD_MTdQFJZsjLwyCJ6sb-XulNRqDBCuoNlN2nBPNDK3t8NKg8WAer6trvq2pTNbVUHDl5Vao/s1600/Nofretete2-BM-Berlin-Berlin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPrPvLRTplWHuuUJ7LgmU0Rh5g17jmklUEHxC-MC8i-2eE6FvCar1EybP07JIeY_3_jsPZD_MTdQFJZsjLwyCJ6sb-XulNRqDBCuoNlN2nBPNDK3t8NKg8WAer6trvq2pTNbVUHDl5Vao/s1600/Nofretete2-BM-Berlin-Berlin.jpg" /></a></div>
He is called this sometimes because he is thought to be responsible for some of the wonderful paintings in the Theban tombs of the 18th Dynasty. Bubasteion I.19 is the tomb of Thothmes, himself. Alain Zivie describes it in his book, "The Lost Tombs of Saqqara", the necropolis of the northern city of Memphis. Zivie believes the artist [chief of painters being his title] painted his own tomb and that makes sense. I don't know everything Zivie thinks about Thothmes because I have only been able to read one of his papers on the subject, the one dealing with the man's palette, which he is shown holding in Bubasteion I.19 and which bears the cartouche of Amenhotep III..<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I therefore wonder if Zivie gave any thought, in his other book on the tomb, as to whether this was the same Thothmes who eventually sculpted the bust of Queen Nerfertiti, above. [This was discovered in what is thought to have been the workshop of a Thothmes at el Amarna.] Why wouldn't it be possible? After all, Michelangelo was both a great painter and sculptor. If Thothmes had actually lived at Akhetaten full-time, the master would have surely been afforded the honor of a tomb by the king, but none has been found among those of the important men of the royal city. In fact, Thothmes never even changed his name, although his patron deity, Thoth, was outlawed by Akhenaten along with the other old gods of Egypt. It would seem that one official of the pharaoh who did have a tomb at Akhetaten, Tutu, probably did once also have a name that incorporated that of Thoth--but changed his. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Thothmes had apparently already resided at Memphis in the time of Akhenaten's father, Amenhotep III because, in Bubasteion I.19, the painting of his wife bears the snub-nosed face of the latter of the kind seen in his late portraits. There is also the evidence of the palette. Therefore, the tomb must have been begun toward the end of the reign of Amenhotep III. However, the face of Thothmes, himself, appears to have been painted in the image of Akhenaten, with his long nose, as was the custom. This is rather extraordinary and one does not know what to conclude. Was it a recognition of a co-regent who was gaining power--or did Thothmes, himself, really look like that? Did he, for once, paint his own visage instead of that of the ruler? At any rate, the tomb of Thothmes did see changes, in the texts, that reflect the religious reformation. No matter where Thothmes ended up living or working, it seems he did not veer from his intent to be interred in the double sarcophagus he had commissioned for himself and his wife and which is also depicted in Bubasteion I.19.</div>
Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-37981218545123703222013-06-19T07:39:00.001-07:002013-06-19T07:44:19.766-07:00No More Anonymous CommentsSome blogs are written by anonymous persons--but not mine. I stand behind everything I wrote here. This blogger welcomes comments and discussions--whether you agree with me or not--but you are going to have to submit them under some kind of ID. If you comment as "Anonymous", your submission will be deleted. There is no reason to want to be anonymous here--unless one just wants to cause trouble. You can comment here safely. Nobody will attack you because I wouldn't allow it. I might give you a response, but it will be a reasonable one.Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-70543876006008358262013-06-14T08:08:00.000-07:002014-12-17T19:27:25.398-08:00Neferhotep and the Harvest<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
I love striking a blow for the Sothic
dating system and its enemies—take that! Or this. Before I get to
the next indicator that it is correct, I suppose I should outline my
18<sup>th</sup> Dynasty chronology for the record, starting with
Thutmose I. This is not arbitrary and I've obviously put a lot of
thought into it.</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Thutmose I=begins reign 1520 BCE for 16
years</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Thutmose II=begins reign 1504 BCE for 3
years</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Thutmose III= begins reign 1501 BCE for
nearly 54 years by the official record but gains 3 due to the false
count initiated by Hatshepsut during their co-regency. But even if I'm wrong there, it doesn't much matter for the purposes of this post.</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Amenhotep II =begins reign in 1450 for
26 years. I do not believe in a co-regency for him and Thutmose III.</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Thutmose IV=begins reign in 1424 for 9
years</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Amenhotep III=begins reign in 1415 for
38 years</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Akhenaten= begins sole reign in 1377
after a 3-year co-regency with Amenhotep III. He rules for 14 more
years.</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Smenkhkare=begins reign in 1363 for 1
year</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Neferneferuaten=begins reign in 1362
for 3 years</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Tutankhamun=begins reign in 1359 for 10
years</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Ay=begins reign in 1349 for 4 years</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Horemheb=begins reign in 1345 for 14
years</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Obviously, due to unknown factors, the
above cannot be a precise chronology but I'll explain why it's
probably close. TT50 belonged to a man named Neferhotep, whose title
was God's Father of Amun. There was an inscription in the tomb
dated to Year 3 of King Horemheb. An interesting thing about TT50 is
that it contained a list of feast days, according to a fragment discussed in a paper by Lise Manniche
here:</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://manniche.daes.dk/wp/wp-content/uploads/1985TT50.pdf">http://manniche.daes.dk/wp/wp-content/uploads/1985TT50.pdf</a></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivjtqDtAL1yTJYPfI96tR6NSk5E1V1CG-REOJkETgdgV3xq_MTCsNX5QVw2xHapjTTA4oFPNQUGM6NOJ7EjJLNKwpqUVCsNbZdm8WNq_QlexYjv8s_wvNh0aicBqoJCloqf2XaK-1hRYU/s1600/stela4-294x395.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivjtqDtAL1yTJYPfI96tR6NSk5E1V1CG-REOJkETgdgV3xq_MTCsNX5QVw2xHapjTTA4oFPNQUGM6NOJ7EjJLNKwpqUVCsNbZdm8WNq_QlexYjv8s_wvNh0aicBqoJCloqf2XaK-1hRYU/s320/stela4-294x395.jpg" height="320" width="238" /></a>The fragment supposedly states that the
“feast of Termuthis” or Renenutet, goddess of the harvest, took
place on Day 1 of the 1<sup>st</sup> month of Shomu in the time of
Horemheb. Of course, later in Egyptian history, the month named
after the goddess, called Pharmouti, was the 4<sup>th</sup> month of
Peret, one month earlier. In fact, in the Alexandrian or Coptic
Calendar, a reformation of the old Civil Calendar, Pharmouti [or
Barmouda] was definitely supposed to fall in the time of harvest.
The next month Pakhons [or Bashans] was said by the Egyptians to be
the time when the threshing was done. According to my high
chronology, Year 22 of Thutmose III was 1482. This pharaoh could not
take his army east until after the harvest was completed, as the
citizen soldiers were not free until then. Indeed, Thutmose and his
force reached Tjaru in order to march into Canaan on Julian April 20<sup>th, [</sup>25 Pharmuti, 4th month of Winter]. The king obviously did not want to miss the Canaanite wheat harvest,
which lagged slightly behind that of Egypt, so he could reap that, as
well. [At left, two women from Deir-el Medina worship Renenutet]</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
However, in the time of Horemheb, 1345
BCE, it was very appropriate to celebrate the feast of Renenutet in
the 1<sup>st</sup> month of Shomu as, in his reign, that was the
month the harvest was in full swing! In fact, in 1345, April 15
amounted to 25 Pakhons<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">—</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">on
which day in that month the time of reaping and threshing would have
been long over in the reign of Thutmose III. Therefore, the feast of
Renenutet seems to have been a moveable one</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">—</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">and
appropriately moved to the 9</span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">th</span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
month of the Civil Calendar in the time of Horemheb. That this was
the Civil Calendar is further indicated by the same list, in which
New Year's Eve falls on Day 30, 4</span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">th</span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">
month of Shomu. At this period, the astronomical new year, which
arrived with the heliacal rising of the star, Sothis, was edging very
close to the new year of the Civil Calendar and a new Sothic cycle
was soon to begin.</span></div>
Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-80877898489914390372013-06-09T08:22:00.000-07:002013-06-09T13:25:20.402-07:0018th Dynasty Tombs Discovered at Aswan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0S94RxW46nI5uLD8Aypx9YmcxA99bD2J9YINNysHXZQcwBQPUUOq6_7jI9wTEgrqY7bNDBFl2pEuHq-HN7cUIl17STUU4AFtmNFhTErnX49IvRHuF5Wi41A7mo_m_PeQZu58oKYLZYPY/s1600/7865_556149291095425_1726659676_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0S94RxW46nI5uLD8Aypx9YmcxA99bD2J9YINNysHXZQcwBQPUUOq6_7jI9wTEgrqY7bNDBFl2pEuHq-HN7cUIl17STUU4AFtmNFhTErnX49IvRHuF5Wi41A7mo_m_PeQZu58oKYLZYPY/s1600/7865_556149291095425_1726659676_n.jpg" /></a></div>
The rumor is that six tombs of the time of Amenhotep III have been discovered at Aswan, but the locals won't let Egyptologists near them. We'll have to see how that story unfolds but I have already been able to ascertain that the names of the old gods have [because they were written in ink] been smeared out in many instances, even in people's names. The image at right is that of a man whose name could either be Paser or Pawer. He is described as "a soldier in the regiment of Nebmaare [Amenhotep III]. He seems to be wearing a wig that is supposed to look like grey hair, I don't know from which tomb this image comes, but one tomb belongs to the mayor of Elephantine, User, and his wife, Tuyu.Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-59681330011346846582013-04-15T15:20:00.000-07:002013-04-29T06:54:14.714-07:00The First Heb-sed of Thutmose III<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Early in the Egyptology game, James
Breasted, in his paper on the obelisks of Thutmose III, stated that a
Year 30 heb sed or jubilee could be inferred on the basis of the
mention of one in Year 33 of that king. Indeed, three "Hb" glyphs are seen, but three was a number of plurality, just like the three strokes under the sign for "millions". However, considerably later Donald
Redford wrote, “But the 30<sup>th</sup> anniversary of Thutmose's
accession would have found him in Asia on his 6<sup>th</sup>
Campaign!” Still, we have no way of knowing if Thutmose
actually was present at all of his foreign campaigns, even if he said
he was. After all, he did have generals like his famous one, Dehuty,
mentioned in the story called “The Taking of Joppa”. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
The London obelisk of the king states
it was erected [with a companion one, now in New York City] on the
occasion of the pharaoh having celebrated his third [according to
Breasted, although Budge claimed to have seen the number 4, instead]
jubilee. Even though a year date for the erection of these obelisks
is not visible, it has been taken for granted that Thutmose III
celebrated heb seds in years 30-33 from that text. And yet the only
actual mention of a jubilee during those three years comes from the
inscription of Sennefer at el-Bershe, now lost but included in
Sethe's <b>Urkunden IV</b><span style="font-weight: normal;">, below:</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">It
said, “Year 33, fourth month of the season of Shomu, day 12, the beginning
of millions of jubilees, very many, [inscribed?] by Thoth, himself, in
his writing upon the noble Ished-tree, etc.” Since Menkheperre's
accession date had been in the first month of Shomu, it means that
the celebration took place three more months after the one in which
the year count had changed to “33”. In my book, “Manetho
Demystified”, I take the position that, after his 4</span><sup><span style="font-weight: normal;">th</span></sup><span style="font-weight: normal;">
year on the throne [although there is still the isolated reference to
Year 5] Thutmose III lost his own year count because Hatshepsut
usurped the kingship in his Year 4 and called it her Year 7. This is
because, in order to make herself the legitimate ruler after the
death of her father,Thutmose I, she appropriated the 3 years of her
late husband, Thutmose II, and the 4 of the boy whose guardian
Hatshepsut was supposed to be. This may be a controversial stance,
but it makes sense in the light of the queen's legitimizing texts.
At any rate, a grown-up Thutmose, even as sole king, was forced to
adopt the false count promoted by his aunt. It was too late to
revert to the old one, even though the pharaoh had gained 3 years
that never existed within his own time as king or coregent. The
bureaucracy, with all its dated documents, demanded the false count
continue until the end of his life, but there was nothing to prevent
Thutmose III from celebrating his 30-year heb sed in Year 33—the
year that he had REALLY been on the throne for three decades. And,
if there had already been three other sed-fests, why would the
el-Bershe inscription state that the many wished-for jubilees began
in Year 33?</span></div>
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Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-50308071559003626442013-02-12T17:59:00.000-08:002013-03-10T08:56:52.052-07:00Manetho's Reasoning<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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In my latest book, "Manetho Demystified", I offer the theory that Hatshepsut started out her reign with a fictional Year 7 [to find out why this was a contrived number, you'll have to read the book]. I also made note of the fact that the combined regnal years of "Amessis" [the female pharaoh]. "Mephres" and "Misphramuthosis" add up to about 54 years [the total reign of Thutmose III from a primary source]. This is particularly true in an unccorrupted fragment [51] of Theophilius' copy of Manetho's 18th Dynasty, where he assigns "Misphrammuthosis" only 20 years and 10 months instead of the 25 years and 10 months given by Josephus.</div>
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Regardless it would seem that Manetho, the Egyptian historian of the Hellenistic Era, truly did believe that a queen, obviously Hatshepsut, reigned before Thutmose III. He has her ruling for 21 years and 9 months because he knew that the 9th month of the Civil Calendar [called "Pakhons" in the time of Manetho] was the month in which Menkheperre came to the throne. But he has the next king, "Mephres", ending his reign in the 9th month, as well. It seems quite probable that "Mephres" [elsewhere called "Misaphris"] and "Misphramuthosis" both represent Thutmose III but, because the latter had more than one prenomen at various times, perhaps Manetho did not realize they were one and the same. He may have even intended that "Amessis" and "Mephres" were co-regents, who ended their joint reign in the very same month of the year. In this, the Egyptian would not have been entirely wrong, of course. It just occurred to me that the difference between the 21 years of "Amessis" and the 12 of "Mephres" is 9 years. That could mean that the royal duo were co-regents beginning with Year 9 in the estimation of Manetho [but not mine]. My guess is this comes from Hatshepsut's mortuary temple at Deir el Bahari where Thutmose III is depicted as the junior partner of the woman-king at the time of her Punt expedition in her Year 9. Actually, the young man was shown many times in the temple, but perhaps the date "Year 9" was seen as the year of his advent as co-ruler. Thutmose III appears in the Punt expedition reliefs only once but they were surely deemed as interesting to people in the era of the Ptolemies as they are today. From such records men like Manetho attempted to reconstruct the history of their land. They did not dig into the ground for their information but worked with what was visible.</div>
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But it was doubtless confusing. Here was a pharaoh, famous from the monuments of his triumphant sole reign, not to mention a legend of folklore--at one time teamed with another. Not comprehending that the king had an independent reign prior to the usurpation of Hatshepsut, Manetho seemingly concluded that, in the 9th month following the demise of the female-pharaoh, he assumed his full birthright. Yet he erroneously [but understandably] considered nearly 13 years of "Mephres" accounted for within the years of "Amessis" and failed to give "Misphramuthosis" a long enough period of sole rule after the woman-king had vacated the throne. I cannot say, at this moment, how likely Manetho would have been able to connect the name of Maatkare to the female pharaoh, even if he toured the Deir el Bahari complex or could find an intact cartouche. Perhaps someone else has an opinion regarding this. At any rate, he didn't know the names of Hatshepsut. His "Amessis", more probably "Amensis" or Hmt nsw, must have come from some tale. Champollion expressed his own bewilderment at the temple:<br />
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<i>If I felt somewhat surprised at seeing here, as elsewhere throughout the temple, the renowned Moeris [Thutmose III], adorned with all the insignia of royalty, giving place to this Amenenthe [Hatshepsut], for whose name we may search the royal lists in vain, still more astonished was I to find upon reading the inscriptions that wherever they referred to this bearded king in the usual dress of the Pharaohs, nouns and verbs were in the feminine, as though a queen were in question. I found the same peculiarity everywhere...</i></div>
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Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-64398327900097291712013-01-09T23:45:00.000-08:002013-01-16T09:16:13.137-08:00The Mystery of Akhenaten<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Why does it seem like the reign of the heretic pharaoh, Akhenaten, just falls apart after his Year 12 when he is supposed to have ruled for 17? The tombs of the nobles stop being decorated and, oddly, in one of the later ones, that of Meryre II, a new king suddenly appears. His name is Smenkhkare and he and his queen, Meritaten, are depicted right around the corner from the triumphant depiction of the Great Durbar of Year 12, where Akhenaten celebrates in style before envoys from foreign lands. Beyond the unfinished scene of Smenkhkare, there is nothing more in the tomb of Meryre, either. What happened? I have a scenario that, while seemingly strange, can provide a solution to the mystery. Here it is:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Akhenaten became co-regent with
Amenhotep III at the time of the latter's heb sed in his Year 34. In
Akhenaten's own Year 3 [although he is still called Amenhotep], he celebrates a mirror heb sed with his father,
who currently observes the jubilee of Year 37. Amenhotep III dies
sometime in his Year 38, the fourth year of Akhenaten. In fact, he
[as Amenhotep] is attested in his Year 4 at the Wadi Hammamat. There, two short
graffiti of the high Priest of Amun, May,[perhaps Ptahmose] mention him
being sent for <em>bxn</em> stone for a statue. So the cult of Amun is still
alive in Year 4 of Amenhotep IV but, in Year 5, he changes his name to
the familiar one and moves to a new capital Akhetaten, now Tell el Amarna. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">11 years
pass there and the 12th has begun. The children of Akhenaten and Nefertiti are growing up and some have become
young ladies. Nefertiti is still by the side of her husband. But Akhenaten,
unconventional as ever, does something unusual in his Year 17. He
proclaims a great celebration of Year 12, the total of years that he, as king of Egypt, has devoted
himself completely to the Aten and has lived in this center of the worship of the god. And so that is the date we see in
the tomb of Meryre II--
Year 12, II prt, day 8—that is, 12th Year, 5 months and 8 days. </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> It is really not the current date, but the day of the durbar of the celebrating of Year 12 at Akhetaten. It is only a date for a single event. Like this one: <span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> "<em>Year 400, the fourth month of the season of Shomu, the fourth day of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Seth-Great-of-valor, son of Re whom he loves, Nubti</em></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><em>, beloved by Re-Hor-akhty, may he live for ever</em>."</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Tellingly, Nefertiti is referred to, in the durbar scene, as <em>Hmt nsw aAt</em>, which is a title she does not adopt until late in her time, although it does not replace <em>Hmt nsw wrt</em>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"> In reality, it is Year 17 of the reign and within the following months, everything falls apart. Perhaps </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">people begin to die there at Akhetaten from a sickness. The Princess Meketaten also dies. There may even have been a revolt against the king. Perhaps a number of the citizens of Akhetaten leave, especially the ones with the means to do so. Akhenaten, himself, dies or is deposed. At any rate, a new king arises in that Year 17 of Akhenaten. </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Recently, an attestation of Nefertiti as the queen of Akhenaten in his Year 16 [while many believed she died earlier] has been announced. That makes sense in light of this scenario. </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Nefertiti was not only there in Year 16, but in Year 17, too! </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Why were there winejar dockets with Year 17 partly erased and with a Year 1 surcharged? That was probably because the wine had been placed into the jars in late summer when it ripened, in the 1st month of the first season, Akhet. That the vintage was marked "17" so early in the calendric year indicates, also, that Akhenaten had risen to the kingship coevil with his father's jubilee. Amenhotep III seems to have inaugurated his first heb sed in the 10th month of the year, likely the month of his own accession. And that could explain why the anniversary clock of Akhenaten had already turned by I Akhet [August at the time]--because he had become king in II Shomu. For those who can't credit any of this or even a co-regency, Manetho has "Amenophis" reigning for 30 years and 10 months. That may be short of the mark for Amenhotep III, but II Shomu still seems to be involved.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: large;">Scholars have been looking for orderly and sensible answers to the puzzles of the Amarna Era and they can't be blamed. If Smenkhkare, the mystery king, suddenly seems to appear after the durbar, it is easier to assume he was made co-regent then. On the other hand, Akhenaten was probably still quite a young man in his real Year 12 and it would seem odd that he had given up having a son of his own, already, by one of his wives. A long gap in the decoration of the tomb of Meryre II is also not easily explained, if Smenkhkare succeeded in Year 17. So, sometimes, oddities also must be entertained. Because even kings do not always behave in a predictable fashion. </span><br />
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Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-64682165470805563622012-12-27T16:50:00.000-08:002013-01-08T17:57:30.203-08:0018th Dynasty Population AffiliationsI am beginning to think that's why only 8 DNA markers came out of Egypt--because it is too hard to get any popaffiliation without 9! The program used here gives you slightly different stats each time you submit the person's STRs, but the difference is never significant. The per centages are not admixture proportions but just probabilities. Here's the predicted PA of Yuya. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6RoEAcOGKD0SZlXZMyErNkAclfBDAMJu2CPevDlOtNv8iRgOkGzVCORl8BKkzbRRGRe2hz7sOKfBPYZauZtoxI00X1-ayFS3OfiVOYuLu3XDg1wdcAXK-gSRhWaYtG3TZC20oyr6dOzI/s1600/YuyaDNA.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="117" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6RoEAcOGKD0SZlXZMyErNkAclfBDAMJu2CPevDlOtNv8iRgOkGzVCORl8BKkzbRRGRe2hz7sOKfBPYZauZtoxI00X1-ayFS3OfiVOYuLu3XDg1wdcAXK-gSRhWaYtG3TZC20oyr6dOzI/s320/YuyaDNA.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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As people have long suspected, <strong>Yuya</strong> has a good chance of being of foreign extraction and may have even registed a higher Asiatic ratio had I not been forced to give him the high modern Egyptian 12/14 numbers at D8S1179 by default--just to get the necessary 9th locus for the program. I don't know what to think when the "probability" for Eurasian is about as great as sub-Saharan! I used the Egyptian numbers because I did not know what other population to take them from. They come from the DNA of 140 unrelated people of Cairo, a northern city with a mixed population. This may screw up the results, but to what degree I do not know. In fact, I added the same locus to all the STRs of the royals, but had to give it in different combinations of 14 and 12. Next is <strong>Thuya</strong> and, again, according to this program, scholars seem to have been correct. She seems not to have been foreign but an African type. You have to click on the images to read them. The incredible thing is that, at D7S820, Thuya has an allele that doesn't show up again in the family until the larger foetus from the tomb of Tutankhamun. It is 13 and doesn't show up much in Egypt, being the lowest one at that locus. Where does it do best? By far the best in Bari, Italy, that ancient Greek settlement, the same place a rare allele of the mother of Ramesses III [at a different locus] does best. What gives?</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJUdIoJDHNn5ridTNEAuW-1WfEHQ4sRy38XslNgR2pVdkf5IuriZ73qogGxC0VwONlppHwIDzjMRzFv5eZ2R-YGnGI4-3GXX-JQy-sojzjkN-mdIlmqN5C1MuCWIjKGSfLDSe_HUwXL8/s1600/Thuya.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="111" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJUdIoJDHNn5ridTNEAuW-1WfEHQ4sRy38XslNgR2pVdkf5IuriZ73qogGxC0VwONlppHwIDzjMRzFv5eZ2R-YGnGI4-3GXX-JQy-sojzjkN-mdIlmqN5C1MuCWIjKGSfLDSe_HUwXL8/s320/Thuya.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Next is their daughter, <strong>Queen Tiye. </strong><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbLYTxWR4v4YbyfoTLWWlcVTN5J24oS2P88Y1S41x_tvYqQyr_LZOSg_n9VRGuIDXmrxCCOtS0q9VHQObNJb2lsgk-SUcDV8yBVkR6WlydKFGJSej9CFXSOt3wsKIiVGCSiglANI56FS4/s1600/ELDNA.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="117" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbLYTxWR4v4YbyfoTLWWlcVTN5J24oS2P88Y1S41x_tvYqQyr_LZOSg_n9VRGuIDXmrxCCOtS0q9VHQObNJb2lsgk-SUcDV8yBVkR6WlydKFGJSej9CFXSOt3wsKIiVGCSiglANI56FS4/s320/ELDNA.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Her husband, <strong>Amenhotep III</strong>, seems overwhelmingly sub-Saharan:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5jq38sWfNHg_DfX3SvWeeC6lGGAy10F33SWSBw-leHGqlTbTKUUy-6jglxE3YyCVoY4GruCa1cdYrGCvqfp05jsjoaviB3LjpF-DGWwi022ypTAcmqPdzssuUAANiuf7WiBTlJtmQGbo/s1600/AIIIDNA.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5jq38sWfNHg_DfX3SvWeeC6lGGAy10F33SWSBw-leHGqlTbTKUUy-6jglxE3YyCVoY4GruCa1cdYrGCvqfp05jsjoaviB3LjpF-DGWwi022ypTAcmqPdzssuUAANiuf7WiBTlJtmQGbo/s320/AIIIDNA.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Up next is the <strong>KV55 Individual</strong>, the son of the king and queen, who is predicted as possibly Asiatic!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6RROR1d2HqORhe-ynAj82xhFB00mGIsbV4og1CPZtRBTywXd_y0cRf7t6TAgu_69sNII2pxVr4YHz06x1AN0ttKVAE6D0AJkjkjwJGsG37ijbDr7ui5J3Lh0Pr8dnvEIcsllIEdnR3lM/s1600/55DNA.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="111" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6RROR1d2HqORhe-ynAj82xhFB00mGIsbV4og1CPZtRBTywXd_y0cRf7t6TAgu_69sNII2pxVr4YHz06x1AN0ttKVAE6D0AJkjkjwJGsG37ijbDr7ui5J3Lh0Pr8dnvEIcsllIEdnR3lM/s320/55DNA.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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His sister, <strong>the Younger Lady</strong>, on the other hand does not have so much Asiatic probability.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0XnV9HlEiN94jj_3gvdNXq4JUmDu3pY5ktW_AGRWgJkaNKpqK1VlzCewxpYddIM2FJToAkQaeMAl8YI52572SpYhZV9vVgiqdS-qBNW5GTes7G0yBOSntFH9iRMQ7Y5FUAOER14ErZFw/s1600/YLDNA.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0XnV9HlEiN94jj_3gvdNXq4JUmDu3pY5ktW_AGRWgJkaNKpqK1VlzCewxpYddIM2FJToAkQaeMAl8YI52572SpYhZV9vVgiqdS-qBNW5GTes7G0yBOSntFH9iRMQ7Y5FUAOER14ErZFw/s320/YLDNA.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Q-CViAkz_ytOJwsf7wvkNRk0_VhiTQ8XRGtWMybQJO5MYUypGRYsiPNnUsV4GUOAFQhxTMvIE248getoiNwrLbO1HSsv-EvU-KZ2sCHpSbeL2JfKjDuqN2P6ZJoTE1hx3yLI43uMWaY/s1600/TutDNA.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="111" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Q-CViAkz_ytOJwsf7wvkNRk0_VhiTQ8XRGtWMybQJO5MYUypGRYsiPNnUsV4GUOAFQhxTMvIE248getoiNwrLbO1HSsv-EvU-KZ2sCHpSbeL2JfKjDuqN2P6ZJoTE1hx3yLI43uMWaY/s320/TutDNA.JPG" width="320" /></a> <strong>TUT</strong></div>
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Yet when I assigned Tutankhamun a double 14 at D8S1179[highest Egyptian number at that locus], his sub-Saharan probability ratio became lessened.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicp8cH-kDLsvm6oY5c-LPxZBB2HQ2EIPEE5lcBCVz1pSq6bezHhU-qhUq72DGui3hRwFMWZKUm3C66egfw9Jek2ydpDE6wgdERuTPV3E3OiM8XE-TTckxDdS6eD6YGVtfGKHcf0Ev92iU/s1600/TutDNA2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicp8cH-kDLsvm6oY5c-LPxZBB2HQ2EIPEE5lcBCVz1pSq6bezHhU-qhUq72DGui3hRwFMWZKUm3C66egfw9Jek2ydpDE6wgdERuTPV3E3OiM8XE-TTckxDdS6eD6YGVtfGKHcf0Ev92iU/s320/TutDNA2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Do I know how accurate all this can be by adding a default marker and only having 9? No! As you can see, 34 values are preferred for each person and I was only able to provide 18, two of them being guesses. That is not enough, but the 18 can give a glimpse into the truth. The program is not biased toward sub-Saharan, as is evidenced by the assignments of Yuya, the patriarch of the clan. But it's hard to know what is really going on here. Just an experiment using what data there is.</div>
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Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2971228219362996721.post-51697997707117298722012-12-27T13:06:00.001-08:002012-12-27T13:09:32.292-08:00More 20th Dynasty DNAHere is what came out when I put the DNA of Ramesses III and his son into a popaffiliator program. It requires 9 loci and I had only 8 to work with. Therefore in the case of Ramesses III, I added D3S1358, putting in the highest number for the modern Egyptian population, 15, for the father and the arbitrary high Greek one of 16 for the mother. I did this because, at D7S820, the mother of Ramesses III has 15, which is not even on the chart for modern Egyptians. Here is the result:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6rMWXqeWDpgTTuRB29zcxMd2pz7LZ-RXxQqbZQ18ylcu8EgnUISs-PGLxuk29IwNtNPQ1EFXJ0WJCu_xh9XuUrbCgYvKQ53XN_um_6nMBVq39D-OgcHBClNgbgR5JmycBf44gv6MlSME/s1600/RamDNA3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6rMWXqeWDpgTTuRB29zcxMd2pz7LZ-RXxQqbZQ18ylcu8EgnUISs-PGLxuk29IwNtNPQ1EFXJ0WJCu_xh9XuUrbCgYvKQ53XN_um_6nMBVq39D-OgcHBClNgbgR5JmycBf44gv6MlSME/s320/RamDNA3.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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You'll have to click on the image to read it. Next comes "Unknown Man E". For his 9th locus, I added a different one, D851179. For his father, I put the highest number at that marker in the Egyptian population, which is 14. For the mother, I put in an only slightly lower one of 12. I added nothing foreign, that I know of, to the DNA of "Unknown Man E", yet his "Eurasian" quotient rises from that of Ramesses III. Caveat, I do not know how accurate this popaffiliator is.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilXemqykAg3M8DyJKUMMmJiTF-qW-Ha5wcebIUNkw3lrGxhb4IIlZYflA5gCUHph4GmfYesZYVU5UY-GXqqMSC4hK9b685x9vG7xivFTWHV696k4vW69z5WMXCJrd1w2DLvrGew8uA4N4/s1600/UNknownDNA.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilXemqykAg3M8DyJKUMMmJiTF-qW-Ha5wcebIUNkw3lrGxhb4IIlZYflA5gCUHph4GmfYesZYVU5UY-GXqqMSC4hK9b685x9vG7xivFTWHV696k4vW69z5WMXCJrd1w2DLvrGew8uA4N4/s320/UNknownDNA.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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It can be found here, if anyone wants to enter his own DNA to test it out.<br />
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<a href="http://cracs.fc.up.pt/popaffiliator/index.php">http://cracs.fc.up.pt/popaffiliator/index.php</a><br />
<br />Marianne Lubanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08687639252889658701noreply@blogger.com3